Household Survey Questionnaire
In each of the five focus countries the same household survey was implemented,with only minor adaptations to take into account country characteristics. The survey questionnaire included a total of 17 sections, many of which we redesigned to gather background information on household members, including on demographics, education, health, and occupation, as well as household wellbeing. Three chapters have been written in this study using the household surveys conducted in the five countries. This section briefly describes the data use din each of the three chapters, and the types of questions in the survey which make this analysis feasible.Chapter 4 focuses on household perceptions of extreme weather events and climate change, and the impact of adverse events on their livelihood. The analysis's based on three main questions. First, households are asked if they have noticed any changes in weather patterns in the last five years, with the potential changes identified in the questionnaire including more erratic rainfall, less or more rain,more frequent droughts, floods, or sandstorms, and changes in temperatures,among others. Next household are asked if, again compared to five years ago, they have noticed changes in their environment—these would include deforestation,livestock losses, crop failures, water pollution, less fertile land, and so on. Finally,households are asked if they experienced losses of crops, income, livestock, or fish a result of changes in weather patterns.Chapter 6 looks at the ways through which households cope with the impact of adverse weather events, and how they adapt to changes in the climate and their environment. On coping, households who declare that they have experienced loss of crops, income, livestock, or fish due to weather shocks or change sin the environment are asked if they used the following coping strategies: Selling or pawning livestock; Selling or pawning assets other than livestock,such as land or jewelry; Withdrawing children from school; (4) Using their savings; and finally (5) Asking for a loan. Households who did not experience a loss linked to an adverse weather events are asked whether they would rely on the same coping mechanisms in case they would experience such a loss. On adaptation, households are asked whether they have taken specific actions to adapt to changing conditions. Many different actions are listed in the questionnaire,including changing in the timing of planting, changing the source of water used, drilling boreholes, changing production technologies or crop choices,increasing the use of fertilizer or pesticides, seeking or increasing off-farm employment, and so on. Similar questions are asked about the community level response to climate change, and about the availability of government programs that could help households cope with and adapt to climate change.Finally, chapter 7 looks at the relationship between household perceptions of climate change and whether household members have migrated either temporarily(this is referred to as resident migration because the member still resides in the household), or permanently (this is referred to as nonresident migration).The analysis is made possible through information asked about migration not only among current household members, but also among those who used to liven the household and have left permanently. There are however limits to the analysis that can be conducted with such data. First, because the surveys were implemented in sending areas affected by extreme weather events, we do not record information on the migration of entire households—we only record the migration of household members. Second, it is difficult to distinguish the
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